Regeneration

Regeneration is the ability of a cell to recover from destruction.
For the regeneration of cells, organs or functional parts of some living things.
Some organizations regenerate easily, such as the salamander, anemone, starfish, hydra, triton, lizard,...).
In warm-blooded animals, the skin has the ability to regenerate.
"Animals like salamanders regenerate their bodies after an amputation, said Carlos Izpisúa, director of research. But in contrast, higher vertebrates such as birds and mammals do not have that ability."
The researchers wonder if humans do not have this protein in their latent genes could be reactivated to regenerate an organ.
It could also have been lost during evolution.

Dr. Ellen Heber-Katz, professor of immunology at the Wistar Institute, USA and colleagues created mice that can regenerate amputated limbs or damaged vital organs.
According to Dr. Ellen Heber-Katz, the ability of lab mice to regenerate organs is controlled by about a dozen genes.

Image: "Animals like salamanders regenerate their bodies after an amputation," said Carlos Izpisúa, director of research. "But in contrast, higher vertebrates such as birds and mammals do not have that ability."

The zebrafish Danio rerio and is popular with researchers, the subject of study has the amazing ability to regenerate indefinitely fins, eyes or his heart after injury.
Fish wake mechanisms apparently asleep from the embryonic stage. A heart of zebrafish slashed 20% will regain its full capacity in two months.
"Until now it was like magic that amputation was reflected in the activation of genes, said Scott Stewart of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. We finally have a track to follow this process. ".
In zebrafish, the regeneration of a lost limb causes the reactivation of inactive genes for embryonic development.
This is the demethylation of histones that awakens the cells at the amputation and activates genes responsible for training the new member.
As regeneration takes over the mechanisms of embryonic development, the researchers began by looking for similarities between these two processes.

During embryonic development, specific genes are turned on and off to trigger the necessary conditions for the creation of a whole organism.
Their tasks, these genes become again quiet.
The fins of a sectioned adult zebrafish completely reject.
Marie-Andrée Akimenko, Researcher at the Research Institute Ottawa Hospital and professor in the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine said: "The end of a severed finger of a human baby can push but not that of an adult.
If we have the same tools as the fish, why our members do not they grow back? " Akimenko in collaboration with Benoît Robert, of the Pasteur Institute in Paris, aims to compare two models, the mouse and zebrafish Paris in Ottawa in the formation and remodeling of cell layers of blood vessels.
"The fins are heavily vascularized, she says, there may be a genetic link between the vascular remodeling and regeneration of fins."

The ability of the heart tissue to regenerate itself after injury was observed on mice.
The experiments were conducted on a type of laboratory mice, the MRL mouse, by researchers at The Wistar Institute and are the subject of an article in the online edition of 7 August 2001 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The regeneration of heart tissue was performed without external intervention, whether drug use or transfer of cells or tissues.
The cells in the area of the lesion were replaced by new cells that were indistinguishable from healthy cells surrounding said Ellen Heber-Katz, an author of the study. The return to normal heart tissue took two months. These observations have prompted the surprise of researchers who have never seen an equivalent in mammals.

The only species known to have similar abilities of regeneration are non-mammalian species such as amphibians and reptiles.
The researchers are now turning the identification of specific molecular and genetic differences between the MRL strain of mice and other mouse strains.