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 |  planets  8 planets of the solar system (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) and their satellites. |  sun The Sun is in 2/3 of the galactic center towards the edge, at a distance of 30 000 light years of the center. The Sun moves in a speed of 230 km/s around this galactic center during its revolution which it makes in 250 million years. |  galaxies The Galaxy, it is the name datum in our galaxy, it is an enormous spiral wheel of stars, a diameter of 100 000 light years. What appears of the Earth, it is a white continuous band called the Milky Way. |  bigbang There is 15 billion years a tremendous explosion of light gives birth to the space, in time, in the matter, a chaos burning with an inconceivable heat, a formless porridge which is going to swell, to extend in all the directions and to cool quite slowly. |  quotations Some quotations of big men (Aristote, Galilee, Newton, Platon, Laplace, Einstein). |  links Some external links concerning the astronomy.

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|  |  dwarf planets According to the definition which was approved on August 24th, 2006, during the 26th General assembly of the UAI ( International Astronomical Union), three bodies reach the status of dwarfish planet: Pluto, eris, and Ceres. Others objets should soon join this nomenclature. |  solar system The solar system is really much more complex if we take into account all the objects being a part of the system. A considerable number of objects is in the belt of Kuiper and still beyond in the cloud of Oort. |  galaxy groups Heap of galaxies are the biggest structures of the Universe. They are constituted by hundreds of galaxies connected together by their own gravitational attraction. Between the galaxies we find some material constituted by warm gas there, forming a plasma, the temperature of which reaches 10 to 100 million degrees. |  comets Besides planets, satellites and asteroids, the solar system contains comets (hair in Greek). The roaming comets originate in the depths of the space in several lights years. The number of periodic comets is of the order of 2000. |  biographies Some biographies, Einstein, Baade, Lyot, Hale, Hubble, Shapley, Laplace, Maxwell, Newton, Herschel, Kepler, Galilee, Aristotle... |  glossary Definition of certain words or expressions used on this site in link with the astronomy.

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| articles Christian's articles in link with the astronomy (history of the Earth, the electron, the neutrons stars, the rings of Saturn, the particles, the threat of asteroids, journey in the universe up to the atom)... |  exoplanets Exoplanets are situated by definition outside our solar system. Seen the large number of existing galaxies and the large number of stars which they contain, the search for these exo-planets or extra solar planets, is unlimited. |  constellations A constellation is a group of stars of the sky which enough close relations looked the appearance imagination of a figure onto the sky. |  nebulas Of the Latin 'nebula' which wants to say cloud, clouds of gas and dusts in the middle of stars, nebulas are at the same moment active crèches and cemeteries of stars. These magnificence of the sky are lit by the stars which they contain or by stars situated behind them. |  telescopes A telescope is constituted by a mirror which concentrates the light resulting from the observed celestial body and from the objective which supplies an enlarged image with it. The increase and the luminosity are proportional on the surface of the mirror. The presence of the ground atmosphere limits the performances of a telescope. It is to mitigate this inconvenience that spatial telescopes were placed in the space. |  bibliographies Some interesting books in link with the astronomy. |  faq Some simple answers concerning the universe which surrounds us.

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| asteroids Numerous small rocky called bodies asteroids are present in the solar system, an important part of them circulate in a ring, between the orbit of Mars and that of Jupiter in 2 to 4 UA.

 |  rings The rings of Saturn are one of more beautiful and of the most surprising spectacles of the solar system. That is why on July 1st, 2004, the spaceship Cassini-Huygens reduced its speed to be captured by the gravity of Saturn to enter in orbit with this one. |  stars A star is a celestial body similar to the Sun, which shines thanks to nuclear reactions which occur in its center. |  multiverse The universe is an expanding cosmic bubble. This bubble creates a new bubble which produces it the others etc.... Quantities of the other universes which give birth to the other universes, it is an interesting idea but which remain at the moment very speculative. |  space probes These instruments that are space probes, perceive in the detail the forms and the composition of objects of the distant regions and offer us exceptional sights of an unequalled precision. |  elements The most usual and practical presentation of the diverse chemical elements is the periodic board of elements also called Table of Mendeleyev. The atoms which have the same number of protons but a number different from neutrons are called isotopes. |  aurora A polar aurora called aurora borealis in the north hemisphere and the aurora australis in the southern hemisphere, is a brilliant phenomenon characterized by sorts of veils extremely colored in the night-sky.

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 The universe is all worked up Imprimer cette page


Multiverse

     

         
The metaphysical universe        
       
The universe is an expanding cosmic bubble. This bubble creates a new bubble which produces it the others etc....
Quantities of the other universes which give birth to the other universes, it is an interesting idea but which remain at the moment very speculative. If we observe the universe such as we know it, it is above all, because we are there. It is what we call the anthropic principle from Greek " anthropos " which means man. Idea according to which the universe was exactly adjusted very for the emergence of the life and the consciousness. , it is a metaphysical principle. But any theory which includes our existence, and it will be certainly those on the world such as we conceive it, must inevitably be coherent with our own existence. So, the development of the universe must be ordered to explain our own appearance. The Universe evolved in a way which allows conscious entities to appear to 		  notice it. Consequently, of our point of view (of conscious entity in the universe) our universe is only one of the multiple universes which would have been able to exist. There is nothing improbable in posteriori that the other universes exist. We were in the habit so for a long time of observing the world since an outside eye that we neglected that we are inside. However our Universe is unique because we cannot compare it with the other universes. Consider as real physical objects of the existing hypothetical universes beyond ours but with which we cannot establish the slightest contact is pure mystification. The field of the physics limits itself to the domain of the experiment and beyond, it is about metaphysics.  

Universes which give birth to the other universes, is an interesting idea but which remain very speculative.
         
the cosmic microwave background radiation        
       

The discovery of the relic radiation relic radiation Bottom of the sky, the radiation of low temperature microwaves arriving at the surface of the Earth since all the directions of the cosmos. We so call it because it forms a background to all the sources radio punctual which were detected by radio telescopes. It was detected for the first time by Arno Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, in 1965, in Bell Telephone's laboratories, in New Jersey., regular static load without specific source and residue of the extremely warm conditions which prevailed in the first moments of the universe, allowed to conclude that the Universe, there is 15 billion years, was for a temperature of at least 3000°C. It is Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson ( 1965 ) who discovered the existence of the thorough radiation of the sky to 2,7 K-( 270°C ). This cosmic natural radiation can be found since all the directions of the space.
Are we to go back up at the beginning of the Universe?
It is in these conditions that the Universe passes from an opaque state to a transparent, that is brilliant state. But what happens beyond this period? The Universe being opaque we can see nothing. Fortunately there are the other fossils. Another fossil, it is the relative abundance of certain elements

 

(Helium, Hydrogen, heavy Lithium).
The physicists arrived at the conclusion that the Universe was at some point for a temperature of at least 10 billion degrees. This period is situated 1 million years before the passage in the transparent state (3000 °).
If we still go back up little in the time, the Universe reaches temperatures of the order of the trillion of degree. In this state it does not consist of nuclei of neutrons and of protons, but a soup of quarks and of gluons. Quarks incur and push away by exchanging gluons as electrons loosen photons in the electromagnetic fields.
It is only when the temperature decreases that quarks harmonize to give the neutrons, the protons and the mesons. If we go back up even farther, hundred of second before, we still find fossils.
For example the number of photons with regard to the number of atoms is 3 billions.

  

The radiation of the bottom of the sky: relic microwave in 2.73 K. These fluctuations in density of the order of 1/100 000 show that approximately 300 000 years after Big Bang there were heterogeneous zones in the universe of a size included between 100 and 1000 Mpc.

 

  

 

  

 

Matter and antimatter

        
       
When the physicists create some matter in particle accelerators, they also create an identical quantity of antimatter. The antimatter consisted of neutrons, positive electrons and negative protons, is little present in the Universe. When the matter and the antimatter meet both disappear and loosen a quantity of gigantic energy.   The load of the electron is very exactly identical to that of the proton which consists of 3 quarks, that is that the load of the electron is strictly equal to 3 quarks. The electron reacts to in the electromagnetic strength and ignores the nuclear strength, but quarks react to both.    
         
Quarks and electrons        
       
It is in the temperature of 1028 °C that the physicists find an explanation in these questions. The permanent concern of the physicists is to find a unique theory which answers different realities, where from this doggedness to unify the strengths.   In 19th century the thermal strength and the dynamic strength were unified in a theory, the thermodynamics. In the same way the electric strength and the magnetic strength were unified to explain the electromagnetic strength.   Today 4 strengths remaining to unify are the nuclear strength, the electromagnetic strength, the weak strength and the strength of gravitation. These 4 strengths are probably demonstrations different from the same strength.
         

Unification des forces.GIF (4797 octets)
         
Another sight of the stages of our Universe in tabular form pulled by the Michel CROZON's book, " The universe of particles "
       
         
time Density of energy temperature (Kelvin) Description
10-43s 1028 eV 1032 K

Quantum gravity. All the interactions are equal. All the particles coexist in equal proportions.
The gravity parts.
10-35s 1024 eV 1028 K

Big Unification, period of inflation.
10-33s   1027 K

The antimatter disappeared.
10-11s 1012 eV 1015 K

Bosons W and Z ° does not appear any more spontaneously: electromagnetic-weak separation.
10-6s 109 eV 1013 K

Quarks confine themselves in protons and neutrons.
100s 106 eV 1010 K Primitive Nuclei synthesis : H, D, He, Li.
3x105 years   3000 K

Decoupling light-material: the Universe becomes transparent.
109 years    

First stars, protogalaxies.
3x109 years    

Nuclei of galaxies, quasars.
5x109 years    

Galactic disks.
10x109 years    

Formation of the solar system.
15x109 years   2,7 K

Today: life, evolution.
         
3 billion photons for 1 atom        
       
It is in the period 10-35 assist that the Universe is Big Unified and that the strength is responsible for 3 fossils. Before this period there was so much matter as antimatter.
Quarks could be transformed into neutrons or into protons what explains that quarks and electrons have identical loads. In this period there is a quite small supplement of matter.
The matter and the antimatter meet and create all the light. What it remains today it is the light and a residue of matter, 1 particle of matter for 3 billion particles of light.		   If we still go back up in the time to temperatures beyond 10 32 K, we arrive at the limits of the current physics, we have no theory to explain what takes place in this temperature, how works the matter. The theory of relativity and the quantum theory collapse and are even in conflict because the notion of space and of time does not exist any more. We are in front of a wall, a terra incognita. We say that it is the beginning of the Universe because we cannot cross this wall. The universe is an expanding cosmic bubble. This bubble creates a new bubble which produces it the others etc....    
         

Universe ?

        
       

Quantities of the other universes which give birth to the other universes, it is an interesting idea but which remain at the moment very speculative. A universe of weak density would not produce galaxy, no star, no atom and no molecule. A universe of strong density would not last enough to allow the hatching of the life.

 

Only the Universes of density equal to the critical density, that is of flat geometry, present conditions favorable to the appearance of the life. Our essential Universe is plan, isothermal, without rotation and so little entropic. The question which remains opened is: what impulse obeyed Big Bang?

    
         

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 |  planets  8 planets of the solar system (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) and their satellites. |  sun The Sun is in 2/3 of the galactic center towards the edge, at a distance of 30 000 light years of the center. The Sun moves in a speed of 230 km/s around this galactic center during its revolution which it makes in 250 million years. |  galaxies The Galaxy, it is the name datum in our galaxy, it is an enormous spiral wheel of stars, a diameter of 100 000 light years. What appears of the Earth, it is a white continuous band called the Milky Way. |  bigbang There is 15 billion years a tremendous explosion of light gives birth to the space, in time, in the matter, a chaos burning with an inconceivable heat, a formless porridge which is going to swell, to extend in all the directions and to cool quite slowly. |  quotations Some quotations of big men (Aristote, Galilee, Newton, Platon, Laplace, Einstein). |  links Some external links concerning the astronomy.

|
|  |  dwarf planets According to the definition which was approved on August 24th, 2006, during the 26th General assembly of the UAI ( International Astronomical Union), three bodies reach the status of dwarfish planet: Pluto, eris, and Ceres. Others objets should soon join this nomenclature. |  solar system The solar system is really much more complex if we take into account all the objects being a part of the system. A considerable number of objects is in the belt of Kuiper and still beyond in the cloud of Oort. |  galaxy groups Heap of galaxies are the biggest structures of the Universe. They are constituted by hundreds of galaxies connected together by their own gravitational attraction. Between the galaxies we find some material constituted by warm gas there, forming a plasma, the temperature of which reaches 10 to 100 million degrees. |  comets Besides planets, satellites and asteroids, the solar system contains comets (hair in Greek). The roaming comets originate in the depths of the space in several lights years. The number of periodic comets is of the order of 2000. |  biographies Some biographies, Einstein, Baade, Lyot, Hale, Hubble, Shapley, Laplace, Maxwell, Newton, Herschel, Kepler, Galilee, Aristotle... |  glossary Definition of certain words or expressions used on this site in link with the astronomy.

 |
| articles Christian's articles in link with the astronomy (history of the Earth, the electron, the neutrons stars, the rings of Saturn, the particles, the threat of asteroids, journey in the universe up to the atom)... |  exoplanets Exoplanets are situated by definition outside our solar system. Seen the large number of existing galaxies and the large number of stars which they contain, the search for these exo-planets or extra solar planets, is unlimited. |  constellations A constellation is a group of stars of the sky which enough close relations looked the appearance imagination of a figure onto the sky. |  nebulas Of the Latin 'nebula' which wants to say cloud, clouds of gas and dusts in the middle of stars, nebulas are at the same moment active crèches and cemeteries of stars. These magnificence of the sky are lit by the stars which they contain or by stars situated behind them. |  telescopes A telescope is constituted by a mirror which concentrates the light resulting from the observed celestial body and from the objective which supplies an enlarged image with it. The increase and the luminosity are proportional on the surface of the mirror. The presence of the ground atmosphere limits the performances of a telescope. It is to mitigate this inconvenience that spatial telescopes were placed in the space. |  bibliographies Some interesting books in link with the astronomy. |  faq Some simple answers concerning the universe which surrounds us.

 |

| asteroids Numerous small rocky called bodies asteroids are present in the solar system, an important part of them circulate in a ring, between the orbit of Mars and that of Jupiter in 2 to 4 UA.

 |  rings The rings of Saturn are one of more beautiful and of the most surprising spectacles of the solar system. That is why on July 1st, 2004, the spaceship Cassini-Huygens reduced its speed to be captured by the gravity of Saturn to enter in orbit with this one. |  stars A star is a celestial body similar to the Sun, which shines thanks to nuclear reactions which occur in its center. |  multiverse The universe is an expanding cosmic bubble. This bubble creates a new bubble which produces it the others etc.... Quantities of the other universes which give birth to the other universes, it is an interesting idea but which remain at the moment very speculative. |  space probes These instruments that are space probes, perceive in the detail the forms and the composition of objects of the distant regions and offer us exceptional sights of an unequalled precision. |  elements The most usual and practical presentation of the diverse chemical elements is the periodic board of elements also called Table of Mendeleyev. The atoms which have the same number of protons but a number different from neutrons are called isotopes. |  aurora A polar aurora called aurora borealis in the north hemisphere and the aurora australis in the southern hemisphere, is a brilliant phenomenon characterized by sorts of veils extremely colored in the night-sky.

|
 The universe is all worked up Imprimer cette page


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Astronomy - 15 oct. 2007